In Japanese, the de で particle has various functions.

• Instrument
  
  • Material
    
    • Requirement
    • Limitation
  • Manner
• Location
• Te-Form
• Copula
• Circumstance
  
  • Feeling
• Cause
• Time
  
  • Period
• Conjunction
• Origin
• Compounds
• References

In Japanese, ra-nuki kotoba ら抜き言葉, "ら-removed speech," refers to a way of talking that omits the ra ら in the potential form of ichidan 一段 verbs, conjugating them like godan 五段 verbs that end in ru る.

For example: tabereru 食べれる is taberareru 食べられる, "able to eat," with the ra ら removed.

• Explanation
• Passive Form

In Japanese, i-nuki kotoba い抜き言葉, "い-removed speech," refers to a way of talking that omits the i い at the start of auxiliary verbs attached to te-form, contracting te-iru ている into te-ru てる, te-iku ていく into te-ku てく, de-iru でいる into de-ru でる, and de-iku でいく into de-ku でく, and so on.

For example: miteru 見てる is a contraction of mite-iru 見ている, "to be seeing."

• Patterns
• Usage
• Examples

In Japanese, youkoso ようこそ means "welcome." It's an expression used when welcoming a guest to a new place, like "welcome to city X" or "welcome to organization Y," and so on.

• Usage
  
  • にようこそ, へようこそ
• Origin

In Japanese, the e へ particle and the ni に particle are similar in that they can be both used to mark a place for a movement verb.

• gakkou ni iku
  学校に行く
  To go to school.
• gakkou e iku
  学校へ行く
  (same meaning.)

However, there are differences between e へ and ni に that can be noted.

• に行く vs. へ行く
• にある vs. へある
• への vs. にの
• Style
• Other Functions

In Japanese, the e へ particle marks the direction "toward" which an action occurs, or simply means "toward." It's spelled as he へ, but pronounced like e え.

• Destination
• Sentence-Ending Particle
• Toward
  
  • Time
  • Addressee
  • Change
• Compounds
• Kanji
  
  • 辺
  • 江
• Homonyms
  
  • Heh
  • Heheheh

In Japanese, naku wa nai なくはない is the i-adjective or auxiliary adjective nai ない in the adverbial form, plus the wa は particle, plus the auxiliary nai ない again.

If the first nai is an auxiliary, ~naku wa nai ～なくはない means something "is indeed" somehow. If the first nai isn't an auxiliary, then it depends on what the phrase is saying. The exact grammar has been explained in the article about ~ku wa ～くは.

• Usage
  
  • 無くはない

In Japanese, nakunai なくない means "is not not" or "there is not no" or "[I] don't have no." It's a double negative, so it translates to the positives "is," "there is," and "[I] have."

Grammatically, it'a the i-adjective or negative auxiliary nai ない, inflected to the adverbial form, naku なく, plus the negative auxiliary nai ない. So it's nai twice.

• Grammar
• Usage
  
  • なくなくない
• 無くない

In Japanese, ~ku wa nai ～くはない is the adverbial form of an i-adjective, plus the wa は particle, plus the negative hojo-keiyoushi 補助形容詞 nai ない. Or it might be kuwanai 食わない, "won't eat."

Basically, ~ku wa nai is used to affirm something "is not" a given adjective.

• warui?
  悪い？
  Is [it] bad?
• waruku wa nai kedo..
  悪くはないけど･･･
  Bad, [it] is not but...
  • It's something else. (this is a contrastive wa は.)

See ~ku wa ～くは for details about the grammar.

• Context: a human boy ends up in the demon world.
• ningen-kai ni modoritaku wa nai no desu ka?
  人間界に戻りたくはないのですか？
  Don't [you] want to return to the demon world?
  • modoritai
    戻りたい
    Want to return.
  • modoritakunai
    戻りたくない
    Not want to return.

In Japanese, ~ku wa ～くは is the adverbial form of an i-adjective plus the wa は particle. This can work just like ~te wa ては, separating the adjective and an auxiliary into topic-focus, or just mark the adverb as topic.

• Grammar
• Contractions

In Japanese, nakya なきゃ is often used to say you "must" do something. It can also be used to say "if not something, something else."

• ganbaranakya
  頑張らなきゃ
  [I] must work hard. Try my best. Put effort.
  • ganbaru 頑張る
    To work hard. Try your best. Etc.
• yasukunakya urenai
  安くなきゃ売れない
  If [it's] not cheap, [it] can't be sold.
  • yasui 安い
    Cheap.

Grammatically, it's either a contraction of nakereba なければ, the conditional ba-form of the i-adjective nai ない, "nonexistent," which can be suffixed to verbs and adjectives to create their negative forms.

This nakya なきゃ is almost synonymous with nakucha なくちゃ, which contracts nakute wa なくては instead.

• Grammar

In Japanese, ~kya ～きゃ is a contraction of ~kereba ～ければ, the conditional ba-form of i-adjectives. Or some sort of fangirling shriek: kyaa! きゃー！

In Japanese, nakucha なくちゃ is normally used to say that you "must" do something. For example:

• ganbaranakucha
  頑張らなくちゃ
  [I] must word hard. Try my best. Put effort.
  • ganbaru 頑張る
    To work hard. Try your best. Etc.
• nigenakucha
  逃げなくちゃ
  [I] must run away.
  • nigeru 逃げる
    To run away.

Grammatically, it's a contraction of nakute wa なくては, which is the te-form of the i-adjective nai ない, "nonexistent," plus the wa は particle. See the article about ~te wa ～ては for details.

• Grammar
• Usage

In Japanese, ~cha ～ちゃ is a contraction of ~te wa ～ては. Although sometimes it means "tea," ocha お茶.

In Japanese, ~te wa ～ては is the the te-form of a verb or adjective plus the wa は particle. This can have two different functions.

• Auxiliary Focus
• Condition
• Contractions

Just like how in English "I am" is contracted to "I'm," "is not" to "isn't," "will not" to "won't," and "don't know" to "dunno," Japanese has contractions, too. For reference, in this article I'll list the Japanese contractions.

In Japanese, the "null particle," "zero particle," is an invisible, unpronounced, and basically imaginary particle that often replaces the particles wa は, ga が, wo を, and ni に, in all sorts of phrases. Literally, it's using "no particle," mu-joshi 無助詞, or just omitting the particle.

For example, in kankei ga aru 関係がある, kankei is marked as the subject by the ga が particle. However, the phrase is often just: kankei aru 関係ある. Since a particle is supposed to come after kankei, but isn't there, we call that the null particle.

Symbolically, the empty set symbol ∅ or the similar-looking Greek letter phi φ is used to refer to the null particle during analysis: kankei φ aru 関係φある, the null particle φ marks kankei.

• Grammar
• Usage
  
  • Nuance
    
    • Casualty
    • Ambiguity
    • Two Ga が
    • Simplicity
• References

In Japanese, the contrastive wa は refers to the wa は particle when it marks the contrastive topic. Normally, the wa は particle just marks the (non-contrastive) topic, hence why this distinction is important.

• Usage

In this article, I'll explain the difference between wa は and ga が, the two most confusing particles in all Japanese.

• Functions
• Topic vs. Subject
• Interrogative Pronouns
• News
  
  • Predicate Levels
• は + が
  
  • Possessed Traits
  • Opinions
  • Conjugations
  • Grammaticality
  • Subordinate Clauses
• Contrast
  
  • は + は
• が + が
  
  • Pure Focus Marker
• Omission
  
  • Null Particle
  • Null Pronoun
• Dissimilar Functions
• Further Reading
  
  • References