よ Particle

In Japanese, yo よ is a particle generally used to call for the listener's attention. It can be used in various ways: as a sentence-ending particle when alerting, correcting, asking, ordering, forbidding, or inviting the listener; as an interjection after someone or something's name to call for them, or mid-sentence to add an emphatic pause after a phrase.

• chigau yo!
  違うよ！
  [That's wrong]!
  [You got the wrong idea]!
• kiite yo!
  聞いてよ！
  Hear [me]!
• ore wa yo, tsuyoi-n-da yo
  俺はよ、強いんだよ
  I (insert pause here) am strong.
• kami yo, douka wareware wo o-sukui kudasai!
  神よ、どうか我々をお救いください！
  God, please save us!

Manga: Hinamatsuri ヒナまつり (Chapter 3, 授業参観は突然に)

• Grammar
  • Sentence-Ending Particle
    • Imposing Awareness
      • Correcting Statements
      • Correcting Assumptions
      • Correcting Ignorance
      • Warning
      • Advice
      • Reassurances
      • Confirming Awareness of Irrefutable Assertions
      • Teaching
      • Expert Assertions
      • Permitting and Forbidding
      • Personal Explanations
      • Personal Plans
      • Personal Emotions
      • Alerting About Newly Noticed Issues
    • Questions
      • Seeking Confirmation
      • Emotionally-Charged Questions
    • Requests
    • Sentence-Ending Syntax
      • Mid-Sentence よ Before Dislocated Constituent
      • かよ and だよ Questions
      • のよ and んだよ
    • About Emphasis
  • After Name or Title
  • Interjectory Usage
    • Filler Word
    • Greeting
    • Sentence-Final Interjection
• Homonyms
  • In Rap
• References

Word Arrows Piercing Characters Through The Chest

In manga and anime, sometimes a character is pierced by arrows symbolizing something harsh that's being said about them, or told them directly. Typically, the arrows go through their chest, and it's just a visual representation of a figure of speech, so nobody dies from being pierced by these, although they may cough blood or bleed or appear to have died temporarily for the sake of comedy..

Left: Hanako 花子
Right: Yashiro Nene 八尋寧々
Anime: Jibaku Shounen Hanako-kun 地縛少年花子くん (Episode 7)

• Context: Nene tells Hanako something that pierces through his very core.
• sore de omotta no, Hanako-kun tte shoujiki chotto mendou-kusai na tte
  それで思ったの　花子くんって正直ちょっと面倒くさいなって
  [So I thought]... Hanako-kun, honestly [you] are a bit of a pain in the ass, [aren't you].
  
  • mendou-kusai - literally "smells of trouble," in the sense it feels like it takes (too much) effort to handle.

• Symbol
• Examples
  • Word in Arrow Symbol
  • Pierced by Speech Balloon
  • Arrows Without Words
  • Actual Arrows

~koto wo suru ～ことをする - Meaning in Japanese

In Japanese, ~koto wo suru ～ことをする (koto こと, marked by wo を, plus suru する) means "to do something that is X" or "to do an X thing," what sort of thing we're doing depends on the adjective or relative clause qualifying koto. It effectively lets you create suru-verbs out of random phrases describing acts so you can conjugate the description like a verb. When the description already ends in a verb to begin with, sometimes the phrase ~koto wo suru just makes the sentence longer.

• {warui} koto wo suru
  悪いことをする
  To do something [that] {is bad}.
  To do a {bad} thing.
• sonna koto shitara
  そんなことしたら
  If [you] do something like that...
• {fudan shinai} koto wo suru
  普段しないことをする
  To do something [that] {[you] normally don't do}.
  To do things [you] {normally don't}.
• {mahou wo tsukau} koto ga dekiru
  魔法を使うことができる
  To be able to do the thing [that is] {to use magic}.
  To be able to {use magic}.
  • mahou ga tsukaeru
    魔法が使える
    To be able to use magic.
    (same meaning.)

The phrase ~koto ga dekiru ～ことができる is the irregular potential form of ~koto wo suru. The phrase ~koto wo itashimasu ～ことをいたします is a humble speech (kenjougo 謙譲語) variant, while ~koto wo nasaru ～ことをなさる is a honorific speech (sonkeigo 尊敬語) variant. The phrases ~koto suru ～ことする, ~koto dekiru ～ことできる, ~koto itashimasu ～こといたします, and ~koto nasaru ～ことなさる are null-marked (φ).

• Grammar
• Examples
  • Adjectival Qualifier
  • Demonstrative Qualifier
  • Verbal Qualifier
    • Paraphrasic

~ku suru ～くする - Meaning in Japanese

In Japanese, ~ku suru ～くする (~ku ～く adverbial copula plus suru する) means "to make X become Y," "to turn X into Y" when the ~ku morpheme is attached to the stem of an i-adjective; when it's attached to the negative form of a verb (~naku suru ～なくする) it means "to make X stop being Y," or "to make X stop doing Y," in the sense of "X used to do Y, but you made it so X won't do Y anymore." The phrase ~ku dekiru ～くできる is its potential form, and ~ku itashimasu ～くいたします is a humble speech (kenjougo 謙譲語) variant.

• sora wo {akaku} suru
  空を赤くする
  To make the sky become {red}.
  • akai 赤い, i-adjective meaning the color "red."
• {koukoku wo hyouji shinaku} suru
  広告を表示しなくする
  To make [it] so [that] {[it] doesn't display advertisements}. (it used to show ads, then you did something so that it doesn't show ads anymore.)
  • hyouji shinai 表示しない, "to not display," negative form of the suru-verb hyouji suru 表示する, "to display."
• {nemurenaku} suru
  眠れなくする
  To make [it] so [that] {[one] can't sleep}.
  • nemurenai 眠れい, "to not be able to sleep," negative form of nemureru 眠れる, "to be able to sleep," potential form of nemuru 眠る, "to sleep."

Manga: Gabriel DropOut, ガヴリールドロップアウト (Chapter 17)

• Grammar
• Examples
• References

~ku naru ～くなる - Meaning in Japanese

In Japanese, ~ku naru ～くなる (~ku ～く adverbial copula plus naru なる) means "will become X" or "will be X" when ~ku is attached to the stem of an i-adjective; when it's attached to the negative form a verb (~naku naru ～なくなる), it means "will stop being" or "will stop doing," in the sense of "used to do it, but won't do it anymore" instead.

• {akaku} naru
  赤くなる
  To become {red}.
  • akai 赤い is an i-adjective for the color "red."
• {awanaku} naru
  会わなくなる
  To stop {meeting}. (in the sense of we used to meet, but we won't be meeting anymore.)
  • au 会う, "to meet."
• {arukenaku} naru
  歩けなくなる
  To stop being {able to walk}.
  • arukeru 歩ける, "to be able to walk," potential form of aruku 歩く, "to walk."

Manga: Majin Tantei Nougami Neuro 魔人探偵 脳噛ネウロ (Chapter 1, 手【て】)

• Grammar
• Examples
  • With Negative Verbal Statives

~ku ～く Adverbial Copula

In Japanese, ~ku ～く is the ending of i-adjectives when conjugated to their ren'youkei 連用形, i.e. it's the adverbial form of the ~i ～い copula. It's similar to the "~ly" suffix that turns adjectives in adverbs in English, e.g. if sugoi すごい means "incredible," then sugoku すごく means "incredibly," although it may translate to the bare form when it expresses the final state of a process. It can also be used to connect multiple adjectives to each other. In rare cases, ~ku is used in a manner similar to a noun describable by the adjective. For example:

• {karuku} takaku
  軽く叩く
  To hit [something] {lightly}.
  To hit [something] {in a way that is light}.
  (process modification.)
  • karui
    軽い
    Light. As in not "heavy," omoi 重い. Not to be confused with a sparkling "light," hikari 光.
• {karuku} naru
  軽くなる
  To become {light}.
  (final state.)
• {{takaku} hayai} kuruma
  高く速い車
  A car that {{is expensive and} fast}.
  (connective copula.)
  
  • takai
    高い
    High. (height.)
    Expensive. (price.)
• tooku φ e nigeru
  遠くへ逃げる
  To escape to [a place that] is far away.
  (noun-like usage.)
  • tooi
    遠い
    Far. Antonym of chikai 近い, "near."

Manga: Jahy-sama wa Kujikenai!, ジャヒー様はくじけない！ (Chapter 0.1, ジャヒー様とすまいる)

• Grammar
  • Adverbial Copula
    • At Sentence End
    • Derived Forms
    • Before Particle
    • Connective Copula
  • Noun-Like Usage
• Homonyms
• References

~i ～い Copula

In Japanese, ~i ～い is a suffix that functions like a copula, which is found in i-adjectives, giving them their name. For example: kawaii かわいい doesn't mean just "cute," it means "to be cute," and we can separate the morphemes into the stem kawai~ meaning "cute," and ~i meaning "to be." This ~i ～い is sometimes suffixed to random stuff to create new adjectives, and, in rare cases, used adverbially:

• tekui
  テクい
  Skilled. (as in having "technique," tekunikku テクニック)
  (neologism.)
• erai muzukashii
  偉い難しい
  Extremely difficult.
  (adverbial usage.)

Manga: One Punch Man, Wanpanman ワンパンマン (Chapter 10)

• Grammar
  • Copula
    • Contractions
    • Adverbial Usage
  • Neologisms
    • Abbreviations
  • Etymology
• Homonyms
• References

-u Verbs

In some Japanese textbooks, the term -u verb (or u-verb) means the same thing as a godan verb. Such verbs always end in the ~u vowel in their nonpast form (or dictionary form, shuushikei 終止形), however, they aren't the only ones to do so: ALL Japanese verbs end in the ~u vowel, including, for example, ichidan verbs (-ru verbs), which aren't -u verbs, so not all verbs that end in the ~u vowel are actually -u verbs, making the term extremely confusing for lots of people trying to learn Japanese.^{(Steffanick, 2010:20)}

• Grammar
  • Explanation of the Term
• References

-ru Verbs

In some Japanese textbooks, the term -ru verb (or ru-verb) means the same thing as an ichidan verb. Such verbs always end in ~ru ～る in their nonpast form (or dictionary form, shuushikei 終止形), however, they aren't the only ones to do so: godan verbs (or -u verbs) can also end in ~ru in nonpast form, which means not every verb that ends in ~ru is a "ru verb," making the term extremely confusing for lots of people trying to learn Japanese.^{(Steffanick, 2010:20)}

• Grammar
  • Explanation of the Term
• References

-masu Stem

In some Japanese textbooks, the term -masu stem (or masu-stem) refers to what you get when you conjugate a verb to its polite form, which ends in ~masu ～ます, and then remove the ~masu suffix, leaving you with the stem of the conjugation. It refers to the same thing as the term ren'youkei 連用形, except that adjectives don't have a ~masu form, so they don't have a masu-stem. Usually the term is used when talking about adding a different suffix to the masu-stem (ren'youkei). For example:

	ichidan verb	godan verb
Dictionary form	kiru 着る To wear.	kiru 切る To cut.
Polite form	kimasu 着ます	kirimasu 切ります
masu-stem or ren'youkei.	ki~ 着～	kiri~ 切り～
tai-form (masu-stem + ~tai)	kitai 着たい To want to wear.	kiritai 切りたい To want to cut.

• Grammar

Stem

In linguistics, stem (and sometimes root, or base) is the word or part of the word (morpheme) you get when you remove all its suffixes, prefixes, etc., e.g. if you remove ~ing from "dying," you get "die," so "die" is the stem of "dying." What the term means exactly seems to vary from author to author, and these three similar-sounding terms—stem, root, and base—may mean slightly different things when used by the same author. Usually it's used to say that you get the stem by removing suffixes, then you add new suffixes to the stem. In Japanese, some notable stem-related terms are:

• The term "masu-stem" refers to the ren'youkei 連用形, which is what you get when you remove the ~masu ～ます suffix from a word, e.g.: tabe is the masu-stem of taberu 食べる, "to eat," because it's tabe-masu 食べます without ~masu. You can add ~tai ～たい, for example, to this stem: tabe-tai 食べたい, "[I] want to eat."
• The stem of i-adjectives is an i-adjective without its ~i ～い suffix, e.g.: sugo~ すご～ from sugoi すごい, "incredible." You can add ~sugiru ～すぎる to this stem: sugo-sugiru すごすぎる, "too incredible."
• The term consonant-stem verb refers to a godan 五段 verb, because such verbs' stems always end in a consonant. Also called "consonant verb," or "-u verb" because you remove the "-u" vowel to get the vowel-less consonant stem.
• The term vowel-stem verb refers to an ichidan 一段 verb, because such verbs' stems always end in a vowel. Also called "vowel verb," or "-ru verb" because you remove the "-ru" syllable to get the vowel-ending stem.

• Definition
  • Root vs. Stem
  • Stem vs. Base
  • A Warning About Roots
• References

~ru ～る Verb Suffix

In Japanese, ~ru ～る is a syllable found at the end of many verbs in nonpast form (or dictionary form, shuushikei 終止形, rentaikei 連体形). All ichidan 一段 verbs end in ~ru, so they're also called ru-verbs. Some godan 五段 verbs (a.k.a. u-verbs, for they all end in ~u) also end in ~ru. Consequently, the nonpast form is also known as the ru-form. What's interesting is that ~ru ～る is sometimes used to create new verb words as some sort of verbalizing suffix, typically out of gairaigo 外来語 or other loan words written in katakana カタカナ, leading to verbs that are a mix of katakana and hiragana ひらがな, like:^{(some examples from news.nicovideo.jp)}

• memoru
  メモる
  To take note of. (from memo メモ, a "note.")
• misuru
  ミスる
  To make a mistake. (omae no misu da! お前のミスだ！, "that was your miss (mistake)!")
• toraburu
  トラブる
  To get into trouble. (from "trouble," toraburu トラブル.)
  • To LOVEる is the title of a manga and anime series that's a pun on this word. It's read toraburu とらぶる, "to" as to と, "love" as its katakanization rabu ラブ, and lastly the ~ru suffix, which means "to love"-ru is a verb in the title, i.e. literally "to 'to love'."
• tenparu
  テンパる
  To be one tile away from winning. (in mahjong 麻雀（マージャン）, which is kind of a card game but with "tiles," hai 牌, where you have to form a pattern to win, the term tenpai 聴牌 （テンパイ） refers to being one tile away from completing the pattern and winning the round.)
  To be frustrated. To be at one's wits' end.
• guguru
  ググる
  To google. (from "Google," guuguru グーグル)
• saboru
  サボる
  To skip work. (from French "sabotage," sabotaaju サボタージュ)

Manga: Gokushufudou 極主夫道 (Chapter 8)

• Conjugation
• Grammar
• References

Flat Adverbs

In grammar, a flat adverb is an adverb that looks like an adjective, or, more specifically: it refers to taking a word that has both an adjective form and an adverbial form, and using its adjective form (instead of the adverbial one) to express the adverbial meaning. In English, adjectives become adverbs through the "~ly" suffix, so saying "it went really bad" instead of "it went really badly" would be using "bad" as a flat adverb.^{(Eversoll, 2014:1)} In Japanese, a similar phenomenon occurs with a few intensifying adjectives like sugoi すごい, whose adverbial form (ren'youkei 連用形) would be sugoku すごく, that are nevertheless used in the adjective form to express their adverbial function sometimes.

Character: Uzaki Hana 宇崎花
Anime: Uzaki-chan wa Asobitai! 宇崎ちゃんは遊びたい！ (Episode 1)

• Context: an anime girl with a lip fang and a shirt spelling in romaji:
• {sugoi} dekai
  すごいでかい
  {Incredibly} big.
  
  • {sugoku} dekai
    すごくでかい
    (same meaning.)

• Grammar
• References

~koto ni suru ～ことにする - Meaning in Japanese

In Japanese, ~koto ni suru ～ことにする (also spelled ～事にする, koto こと, plus ni に adverbial copula, plus suru する) means "to decide" or "to make it so" that things will turn out in a way when the relative clause qualifying koto is in nonpast form (future tense), or "to pretend" things have turned in a way when the relative clause is in past form.

• Tarou ga shinu
  太郎が死ぬ
  Tarou will die. (in the future.)
• {{Tarou ga shinu} koto ni} suru
  太郎が死ぬことにする
  [I] will decide/make it so that {{Tarou will die (in the future)}}. (e.g. I'm writing a story and was deciding whether he lives or dies, and I'll make it so he dies.)
• {{Tarou ga shinu} koto ni} shita
  太郎が死ぬことにした
  [I] decided/made so that {{Tarou will die (in the future)}}. (I already changed the story, or already decided it, but he hasn't died yet.)
• Tarou ga shinda
  太郎が死んだ
  Tarou died. (in the past.)
• {{Tarou ga shinda} koto ni} suru
  太郎が死んだことにする
  [I] will pretend/make so that (in the future) that {{Tarou has died (in the past)}}. (I'll tell everybody that's what happened, even if that's not true..)
• {{Tarou ga shinda} koto ni} shita
  太郎が死んだことにした
  [I] pretended/made so that (in the past) that {{Tarou died (in the past)}}. (we managed to hide the truth by manipulating the newspapers and mass media, so now everybody thinks he died.)

Manga: Kemono Michi けものみち (Chapter 4)

• Grammar
• Examples

~koto ni naru ～ことになる - Meaning in Japanese

In Japanese, ~koto ni naru ～ことになる (also spelled ～事になる, koto こと, plus ni に adverbial copula, plus naru なる) means that things will turn out ("become," ~ni naru ～になる) in a way when the relative clause qualifying koto is in nonpast form (future tense), or that it was decided that things have turned in a way in the past (e.g. we'll pretend that's how it went) when the relative clause is in past form.

• Tarou ga shinu
  太郎が死ぬ
  Tarou will die. (in the future.)
• {{Tarou ga shinu} koto ni} naru
  太郎が死ぬことになる
  Things will turn out so that {{Tarou will die (in the future)}}. (meaning things haven't turned so yet, so we can prevent this hypothetical future where Tarou dies.)
• {{Tarou ga shinu} koto ni} natta
  太郎が死ぬことになった
  Things have turned out so that {{Tarou will die (in the future)}}. (Tarou hasn't died it, but it's been settled that he will.)
• Tarou ga shinda
  太郎が死んだ
  Tarou died. (in the past.)
• {{Tarou ga shinda} koto ni} naru
  太郎が死んだことになる
  Things will turn out so (in the future) that {{Tarou will have died (in the past)}}. (we assume Tarou is currently alive, but if what you say is true, then the facts would be that he has died already.)
• {{Tarou ga shinda} koto ni} natta
  太郎が死んだことになった
  Things have turned out so (in the past) that {{Tarou died (in the past)}}. (it's been decided that Tarou died, i.e. that might not be what actually happened, but that's the story that we'll be telling everybody.)

Manga: Dragon Ball, ドラゴンボール (Chapter 226, 界王拳の謎)

• Grammar
• Examples