に Adverbializer

In Japanese, the ni に particle is sometimes an adverbial copula.

• Grammar
  
  • になる, にする
  • Other Intransitives
  • Auxiliaries

で Copula

In Japanese, the de で particle is sometimes actually a copula. Specifically, it's the te て form of the da だ copula, and consequently the te て form of na-adjectives and no-adjectives.

• Grammar
  
  • Compounds

の Attributive Copula

In Japanese, the no の particle is sometimes an attributive copula.

• Grammar

だ Copula

In Japanese, da だ is usually the predicative plain copula: kirei da 綺麗だ, "[it] is pretty."

Sometimes, da だ isn't the copula, but part of the past form of certain verbs: shinda 死んだ, "died."

• Grammar
  
  • Omission
  • Attributive Form
  • Dislocation
  • Polite form
  • Past Form
  • Te Form
  • Negative Form
    
    • Past Negative Form
  • Adverbial Form
• Compounds
  
  • Light Nouns
  • Nominalization
  • ～だの
  • ～だから
  • ～だが, ～だけど
  • ～だと, ～だって
  • ～だそうだ
  • ～だもん
  • ～のだ
• References

な Attributive Copula

In Japanese, the na な particle is actually an attributive copula sometimes.

• Grammar
  
  • Dislocation
  • Homonyms
  • Past Form
  • Light Nouns
    
    • Nominalization
• References

korya, sorya, arya こりゃ, そりゃ, ありゃ

In Japanese, korya, sorya, arya こりゃ, そりゃ, ありゃ are contractions of kore, sore, are これ, それ, あれ marked as the topic by the wa は particle.

For example: nanda korya なんだこりゃ means the same thing as nanda kore wa なんだこれは, "what is this?!" See also: nani kore なにこれ and emotive right-dislocation.

Interrogative pronouns, like dore どれ, can't be marked as the topic, so there's no contraction for dore wa どれは. However, the word dorya どりゃ does exist, and it does come from dore どれ, but its usage is different.

The word dorya is used to say "how do you like that!" when someone just did something, or will do something. In anime, it's generally used after a character attacks another, and then it's translated as "take that!" or something similar.

nani kore なにこれ

In Japanese, nani kore なにこれ means literally "what is this?" However, being an instance of emotive right-dislocation, the phrase isn't used when someone is actually asking "what" this is, it's used to express shock, surprise, or disgust about something, like "what the...?" in English.

More technically, nani, "what, kore, "this," is a dislocation of kore nani これなに, which is a null-marked kore wa nani これはなに, which is a casual variant of kore wa nandesu ka? これはなんですか？ which does actually mean "what is this?" in Japanese.

It's also spelled nani kore 何これ. Variants include nanda kore なんだこれ, nanda yo kore なんだよこれ, nandesu ka kore wa なんですかこれは, nanda korya なんだこりゃ, and so on.

Manga: JoJo's Bizarre Adventure - Part 5: Golden Wind, JoJo no Kimyou na Bouken: Ougon no Kaze ジョジョの奇妙な冒険 黄金の風 (Chapter 456, ５プラス１)

• Context: Fugo フーゴ gives Narancia ナランチャ a math question to solve.
• 16 × 55 = 28.
• *stares puzzledly.*
• nani kore......?
  何これ･･････？
  What is this?
• hehehe♡
  へへへ♡
  *giggle*
• atatteru?
  当たってる？
  [Did I get it right]?
  • Literally "is it hitting," in the sense of hitting the mark, matching the correct answer.
  • Also: the i of te-iru is contracted.

Emotive Right-Dislocation

In Japanese, emotive right-dislocation happens in sentences featuring dislocation without a pause, where the speaker is surprised, shocked, disgusted, insulted, and so on. Such sentences often resemble questions, but the speaker doesn't expect answers, they're just expressing their emotions.

Examples include: nani kore なにこれ, nani sore なにそれ, nani are なにあれ, "what's this/that," nanda koitsu なんだこいつ, "what's [up with] this guy," nani kono onna なにこの女, "what's [up with] this woman," and so on.

Similarly: dare da omae 誰だお前, "who are you?" baka ka omae 馬鹿かお前, "are you stupid?" korozu zo temee 殺すぞてめえ, "[I'm] going to kill you," and so on.

See the article on dislocation for details about the grammar.

• Examples

Dislocation

In Japanese, dislocation happens when the subject or object, or other argument, comes after the verb, at the very end of the sentence, even though, normally, they're supposed to come before the verb.

More generally, in grammar, dislocation is when part of a clause, a constituent, shows up outside of that clause. In Japanese, clauses often end at the verb, so anything after that verb is outside of the clause.

Manga: Dr. Stone, ドクターストーン (Chapter 1, Stone World)

• Examples
• Grammar
  
  • Dislocated Particles
  • Scrambling
  • Usage
  • Pause
    
    • Punctuation
  • Written Speech
  • Dislocated Interrogatives
• References

と vs. って

In Japanese, the to と particle and tte って particle are quoting particles: they're used to quote things. It's often said one is the formal quoting particle while the other is the causal quoting particle, but there are various situations where you can't just replace one by the other.

In this article, I'll list the differences between to と and tte って, for reference.

• Functions
• Ideophones
• Abbreviation
• Usage
  
  • Final Particle
• References

Quoting Particles

In Japanese, quoting particles are particles used to mark a phrase literally. They're used with verbs that deal with communication: to say, to hear, to write, to read, and also with thoughts: to think, to feel, to plan, to predict. Sometimes, they're also used without verbs at all.

Quoting particles are also called quotative markers. In Japanese, in'you 引用, "quotation," "citation," refers to their function: in'you no joshi 引用の助詞, "particle of quotation."

Manga: Doushirou degozaru 道士朗でござる (Chapter 5, 道士郎、ブチ切れる)

• List
• Usage
  
  • Direct Quotations
  • Indirect Quotations
  • Thoughts
  • Naming Things
  • Anonymous Quotations
  • Interchangeability
  • At End of Sentences
  • At Start of Sentences
• References

って Topic Marker

Sometimes, the tte って particle can mark the topic of the sentence under certain circumstances. In Japanese, topic-marking is a function generally associated with the wa は particle, so this article lists the difference between tte って and wa は in this usage.

Manga: Machikado Mazoku まちカドまぞく (Volume 1, Page 113, 普通に加熱することの難しさ)

• Echoic Topic
• Familiar Topic
• Recaptured Topic
  
  • Surprising Information
  • Providing Information
• Interchangeability
• References

って Particle

In Japanese, tte って is a quoting particle. It's sometimes used as the casual counterpart of the to と particle, but it has other uses, too, like mentioning things in order to refer to them.

• Usage
  
  • Direct Quotations
  • Indirect Quotations
    
    • Thoughts
  • Definitions
  • Without Verb
    
    • Categorization
    • Hearsay
    • Topic-Marker
  • At Sentence End
    
    • Ellipsis
    • Second Vocative
• Origin
• References

~nai to ～ないと

In Japanese, ~nai to ～ないと generally translates to "if not," or "if [you] don't," or "when [you] don't." It's the i-adjective nai ない plus the conditional to と. Note that it could also be another use of the to と particle, or even a different word, like naito ナイト, "night" or "knight."

Some examples:

• benkyou shinai to daburu
  勉強しないとダブる
  If [you] don't study, [you] will repeat a year.
• okane ga nai to komaru
  お金が無いと困る
  If [you] don't have money, [I] will be troubled.
• bakuhatsu shinai to omou
  爆発しないと思う
  [It] won't explode, is what I think. (this isn't the conditional to と, this is the quoting particle.)

Conditional と

In Japanese, the conditional to と refers to the to と particle when it's used as a conjunction. That's because it often translates to "if X, Y," or "when X, Y."

For example: hashiru to tsukareru 走ると疲れる, means "if [I] run, [I] get tired," or "when [I] run, [I] get tired."

• Usage
  
  • Observations
  • Recurrences
• Grammar
  
  • vs. ～たら
  • vs. Quoting と